Category Archives: sysadmin

firewall, pfsense, sysadmin

USEFUL PFSENSE COMMANDS

Description Command
Reload the Firewall with all the configuration. This also restarts the webgui and sshd – but keeps the current ssh sessions active just as a regular sshd restart. /etc/rc.reload_all
Manually edit the configuration in /conf/config.xml. Once file has been saved and editor exited, the /tmp/config.cache is removed so the next config reload event will load config.xml, not the cached version. You could run the next command to trigger an instant reload. viconfig                                                                                                 
Shows the current state table pfctl -ss
Shows current filter rules pfctl -sr
Show as much as possible. pfctl -sa
Shows current NAT rules pfctl -sn
Activate the pf packet filter – enables all fw functions pfctl -e
Deactivate the pf packet filter – disables all fw functions pfctl -d

PFSense: How to add firewall rule at the command line?

There is a command line available in PFSense firewall to allow you to add firewall rules. In the event of  locked out from firewall due to miss configuration of firewall rules, you may use command line “easyrule” to add firewall rules to let you get in to firewall again.

Below are the syntax and example of easyrule command:-

Syntax EasyRule function

easyrule pass/block <interface> <protocol> <source IP> <destination ip> [destination port]

Example:

easyrule pass wan tcp 0.0.0.0/0 192.168.0.1 80
easyrule pass wan icmp 1.1.1.1 192.168.0.1
easyrule block wan 1.1.1.1
Computer, NowYouKnow, Open Source, Photography, Photoshop, Software, sysadmin, Tech, Tips, video

How to rotate and flip videos using Handbrake – IT Support Guides

How to rotate and flip videos using Handbrake

HandBrake is a free tool that’s available for Windows, Mac OS and Ubuntu that allows you to take a video in various formats and convert it to an MP4.

The steps below show how to rotate the video being processed.

Before beginning, you need to download and install HandBrake.

  1. Open HandBrake and load your video using the ‘Source’ button to select the video you want to rotate or flip
  2. Choose where to save the rotated video by clicking on the ‘Browse’ button to select where the converted file will be saved.
  3. Open the ‘Filters’ tab
  5. The ‘Rotate’ option allows you to choose four different options
    1. 0 – do nothing
    2. 90 – rotate to the right
    3. 180 – turn upside down
    4. 270 – rotate to the left
  6. Choose the rotate option you require
  7. Click ‘Start Encode’ to begin
  8. At the bottom of the window you will see the progress

 

Help! It didn’t work

Try the manual way of rotating, by applying manual filters.

  1. Open the ‘Video’ tab
  2. We’ll be working with the ‘Extra Options’ setting.
  3. Once you have the required command entered, click ‘Start Encode’ to begin.
  4.  

Rotate 90 degrees clockwise

To rotate 90 degrees clockwise, enter the following command into the ‘Extra Options’ setting:

, --rotate=4

Rotate 90 degrees anti-clockwise

To rotate 90 degrees anti-clockwise, enter the following command into the ‘Extra Options’ setting:

, --rotate=7

Rotate 180 degrees (upside down)

To rotate 180 degrees so that the video is upside down, enter the following command into the ‘Extra Options’ setting:

, --rotate=3

Other options?

The official HandBrake documentation has more detail on what other options are available.

1 : x flip
2 : y flip
3 : 180 degrees rotate (also the DEFAULT)
4 : 90 degrees rotate (clockwise)
5 : 90 degrees rotate + y flip
6 : 270 degrees rotate + y flip
7 : 270 degrees rotate

Source: How to rotate and flip videos using Handbrake – IT Support Guides

Linux, sysadmin

How to: Purge, Flush or Delete Postfix Queue, or a Single Email

How to: Purge, Flush or Delete Postfix Queue, or a Single Email

Written by 
Date: 2012-04-25 14:53:30 00:00

To flush or purge the postfix mail queue, just enter this command

postfix -f

But if you need to delete an individual email from the queue, you’ll first need to see the queue. Traditionally you use mailq this time we’ll use:

postqueue -p

And the output should show all messages in queue:

5642B4D8647* 1683500 Tue Jun  3 08:37:27  xxxxxx@xxxxxxx.com
                                         rrrrrrrrr@hotmail.com

9359B4D82B1* 1635730 Tue Jun  3 08:36:53  xxxxxx@xxxxxxx.com
                                         yyyyyyyy@hotmail.com

The first number is the message ID, if you only want to delete one of them, enter:

postsuper -d 5642B4D8647

That will only delete one email for the queue, that specific email you want to delete from it.

If you want to delete all deferred mails, you can use:

postsuper -d deferred

Source: How to: Purge, Flush or Delete Postfix Queue, or a Single Email

PowerShell, sysadmin, Win10, Windows

Set-LocalUser

Set-LocalUser

Module:
Microsoft.PowerShell.LocalAccounts
Modifies a local user account.

Syntax

Set-LocalUser
   [-AccountExpires <DateTime>]
   [-AccountNeverExpires]
   [-Description <String>]
   [-FullName <String>]
   [-Name] <String>
   [-Password <SecureString>]
   [-PasswordNeverExpires <Boolean>]
   [-UserMayChangePassword <Boolean>]
   [-WhatIf]
   [-Confirm]
   [<CommonParameters>]
Set-LocalUser
   [-AccountExpires <DateTime>]
   [-AccountNeverExpires]
   [-Description <String>]
   [-FullName <String>]
   [-InputObject] <LocalUser>
   [-Password <SecureString>]
   [-PasswordNeverExpires <Boolean>]
   [-UserMayChangePassword <Boolean>]
   [-WhatIf]
   [-Confirm]
   [<CommonParameters>]
Set-LocalUser
   [-AccountExpires <DateTime>]
   [-AccountNeverExpires]
   [-Description <String>]
   [-FullName <String>]
   [-Password <SecureString>]
   [-PasswordNeverExpires <Boolean>]
   [-SID] <SecurityIdentifier>
   [-UserMayChangePassword <Boolean>]
   [-WhatIf]
   [-Confirm]
   [<CommonParameters>]

Description

The Set-LocalUser cmdlet modifies a local user account. This cmdlet can reset the password of a local user account.

Examples

Example 1: Change a description of a user account

PS C:\> Set-LocalUser -Name "Admin07" -Description "Description of this account."

This command changes the description of a user account named Admin07.

Example 2: Change the password on an account

PS C:\> $Password = Read-Host -AsSecureString
PS C:\> $UserAccount = Get-LocalUser -Name "User02"
PS C:\> $UserAccount | Set-LocalUser -Password $Password

The first command prompts you for a password by using the Read-Host cmdlet. The command stores the password as a secure string in the $Password variable.

The second command gets a user account named User02 by using Get-LocalUser. The command stores the account in the $UserAccount variable.

The third command sets the new password on the user account stored in $UserAccount.

Parameters

-AccountExpires

Specifies when the user account expires. To obtain a DateTime object, use the Get-Date cmdlet.

If you do not want the account to expire, specify the AccountNeverExpires parameter.

Type: DateTime
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
-AccountNeverExpires

Indicates that the account does not expire.

Type: SwitchParameter
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
-Confirm

Prompts you for confirmation before running the cmdlet.

Type: SwitchParameter
Aliases: cf
Position: Named
Default value: False
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
-Description

Specifies a comment for the user account. The maximum length is 48 characters.

Type: String
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
-FullName

Specifies the full name for the user account. The full name differs from the user name of the user account.

Type: String
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
-InputObject

Specifies the user account that this cmdlet changes. To obtain a user account, use the Get-LocalUser cmdlet.

Type: LocalUser
Position: 0
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName, ByValue)
Accept wildcard characters: False
-Name

Specifies the name of the user account that this cmdlet changes.

Type: String
Position: 0
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName, ByValue)
Accept wildcard characters: False
-Password

Specifies a password for the user account. If the user account is connected to a Microsoft account, do not set a password.

You can use Read-Host -GetCredential, Get-Credential, or ConvertTo-SecureString to create a SecureString object for the password.

If you omit the Password and NoPassword parameters, Set-LocalUser prompts you for the user’s password.

Type: SecureString
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
-PasswordNeverExpires

Indicates whether the password expires.

Type: Boolean
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
-SID

Specifies the security ID (SID) of the user account that this cmdlet changes.

Type: SecurityIdentifier
Position: 0
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: True (ByPropertyName, ByValue)
Accept wildcard characters: False
-UserMayChangePassword

Indicates that the user can change the password on the user account.

Type: Boolean
Position: Named
Default value: None
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False
-WhatIf

Shows what would happen if the cmdlet runs. The cmdlet is not run.

Type: SwitchParameter
Aliases: wi
Position: Named
Default value: False
Accept pipeline input: False
Accept wildcard characters: False

Inputs

System.Management.Automation.SecurityAccountsManager.LocalUser, System.String, System.Security.Principal.SecurityIdentifier

You can pipe a local user, a string, or a SID to this cmdlet.

Outputs

None

This cmdlet does not generate any output.

Notes

  • The PrincipalSource property is a property on LocalUser, LocalGroup, and LocalPrincipal objects that describes the source of the object. The possible sources are as follows:
  • Local
  • Active Directory
  • Azure Active Directory group
  • Microsoft Account

PrincipalSource is supported only by Windows 10, Windows Server 2016, and later versions of the Windows operating system. For earlier versions, the property is blank.

Source: Set-LocalUser